The Effects Of Deferred Imitation During The Sensorimotor...

Imitation and observational learning are important in aiding the attainment and portrayal of new behaviours, beginning as early as infancy (Meltzoff, 1993, p. 467). Deferred imitation and mental representations were concepts by developmental psychologist Jean Piaget in his theory of infant cognitive development. Deferred imitation refers to a child’s ability to imitate the actions that they have seen others perform, following a delay, (Slater, Lewis, Anzures Lee, 2011). Piaget proposed that the emergence of deferred imitation during the sensorimotor period, is a sign of mental representation, (Jones Herbert, 2009, para. 14). His proposal of the formation of this ability has been accredited by several studies that document the presence of deferred imitation in infants from as early as birth to 24 months of age and beyond (Barr, Dowden, Hayne, 1996; Heimann Meltzoff, 1996). A study by Heimann and Schaller (1985) used infants between 14-21 days old, (p.33). The mother was to ld to either protrude her tongue or open her mouth while the infant was engaged and observing during the exposure sessions, (p. 33). Two observers scored each infant on the number of times they opened their mouth or protruded their tongue, depending on the groups they were assigned to within the 60 second response period, (p.33). The results showed that the total number of tongue protrusions or mouth openings were highest when the behaviours were modelled to the infant, (p. 36). To reproduce theShow MoreRelatedUniversal Needs Of Infants And Toddlers1651 Words   |  7 Pagesneeds, which are important for the infant / toddler learning and development foundations. There are exploring the world, learning from observation, Infancy is one of the periods which has most exploring spirit in a person s life. The infant collects every fragment which he touches and assembles them into the big world in his heart during this time. 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Another way to observe efficiently is time sampling. In this procedure, the researcher records whether certain behaviour occur during a sample of short intervals. Observations of the behaviour of children, and of the adults who are important in their lives can be made in two different ways. One approachRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology14091 Words   |  57 Pagesto record the entire stream of behaviour. In these instances, a common approach is event sampling in which the observer records all instances of a particular behaviour during a specified time period. Another way to observe efficiently is time sampling. In this procedure, the researcher records whether certain behaviour occur during a sample of short intervals. Observations of the behaviour of children, and of the adults who are important in their lives can be made in two different ways. One approach

Skinner Behavioral Analysis Summary - 972 Words

Skinner - Behavioral Analysis Summary Tessia Purvis Overview of Behavioral Analysis Skinners Behavioral Analysis focused mostly on observable behaviors and was considered radical in that it did not include hypothetical constructs such as ego and traits. He did not believe behavior was an act of free will but determined and scientifically observable. As an environmentalist he believe external stimuli had a larger impact on behavior than genetics. Conditioning According to our text Skinner recognized two forms of Conditioning. One is called classical and the other is operant. In classical conditioning a response is produced in relation to a specific stimulus, so the environment acts on the organism. In operant the organism performs a†¦show more content†¦(In this example the threat is the reinforcement.) In our family these types of behavior reinforces are referred to as â€Å"warm fuzzies† and â€Å"cold pricklys†, and while each of us tends to one in particular we also use both methods as necessary depending upon the situation. Punishment – is not the same as negative reinforcement in that it is the actual application of a negative stimulus. The Human Organism According to Skinner human behavior is shaped by three forces; Natural selection, cultural practices and the person’s history of reinforcement. (Feist, J. and Roberts pg 463) While personal behavior can be based on an individual’s cultural factors and their personal history of reinforcements, both positive and negative, natural selection plays its role in shaping our behaviors through the needs related to all of human survival. While inner states exist, such as love and fear they have a limit to observability. Skinner felt these states though unseen could still be scientifically studied, even though they are mostly subjective. They include: Self-Awareness, Drives, Emotions and Purpose and Intention. Skinner never discounted or denied complex behaviors such as higher thought processes cognition, reason or creativity, he just attributed the shaping of them to the three main forces. Complex behaviors include: Higher Mental Process, Creativity, Unconsciou s Behavior, Dreams, and Social behaviorShow MoreRelated The Relevance of Behavioral Psychology to Instructional Technology1503 Words   |  7 PagesThe Relevance of Behavioral Psychology to Instructional Technology Behavioral Psychology Defined John Watson wrote a paper in the Psychological Review in 1913 and defined behavioral psychology or behaviorism as †¦a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. 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Quantitative Models For Sustainable Supply Chain Management - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Quantitative Models For Sustainable Supply Chain Management. Answer: Introduction The purpose of the study protruded from the need to critically examine, analyze, and evaluate the research findings of a journal article quantitative models for sustainable supply chain management: development and directionby Brandenburg et al, (2014). For the last two decades, the relevance of the influence of social aspects and environmental factors in the field of supply chain management has consistently increased due to its relevance/ contribution in a business. This leaves it as a necessity that requires thorough research to help in the establishment of models that can help in its effectiveness. Previously, the use of reverse logistics and formal modeling for closed loops in the supply chain management has been reviewed in prior to earlier research publications. From the definition of supply chain management, the process of organizing, sourcing, designing, production and distribution of products and services in the global market is an integral and central role player in businesses. Several attempts to restructure government and organizational policies with the aim of incorporating and attaining an efficient sustainability in the management and design of supply chain. The article specifies literature review into two categories, that is to say literature prior to 2008 and literature after 2008. The prior literature findings indicate that the use of green product and green process development was mainly used.it further indicates that the research emphasized the use of supply chain management in the field of environmental management while using a conceptual framework that was initially established by the earlier studies. It cited its application in the management of solid waste, water resources, vehicle routing among others. On the other hand, the later literature the researcher focused on both general and empirical research findings, whichcan as well be referred to as metric or quantitative research. Of the recent research, the study took an overview of 14 articles. In relation to the earlier finding, the review indicate that manufacturing or reverse logistics render a minimal contribution to the earlier research Sustainability From the initial review carried out, the researcher perceives sustainability as a key tool for appreciating social, economic, and environmental aspects associated with marketing and management. This means that the lack of a common language for defining or analyzing sustainability and the absence of some tools leads to a lack of a framework that may be crucial and applicable in project management. Sustainability is dominated by environmental and economic factors at the expense of social perspective and represents a major research gap in project management. Sustainability assessment requires tangible information of the main aspects there by providing guidance in decision-making process in marketing management. However, the measurement of sustainability principles remains in the early stages and many technical issues are not yet addressed and therefore the transformation of theory into management have positively contributed to the development of the sustainability process. According to Singh 2012, there is a high need for people, organizations, and companies to acquire models, tools, and Metrics to quantify and define sustainability in different forms of procedure. To progress in sustainability, the development of indicators must be quantified, measured, interpreted, and monitored carefully. However, research shows that there is a lack of systems for measuring performance towards sustainability in operational practices. According to this research, sustainability has currently been thought of mostly in institutional and strategically terms without considering the side of economical manufacturing activities. To measure the efficiency of operation, few indicators have been applied and focused on environmental side orienting towards product development. Research also demonstrates that the benefit of sustainability is not confined to the social and environmental concept. In our modern era, it is impossible to think of economic development without thinking of protection of the environment and benefits of the society. According to Silvius 2013, the relationship between sustainability and project management is getting interest from academics and professionals making the integration of sustainability into the management of projects. This brings the view that the relationship between project management and sustainability is still an emerging field of study thus when project management involves sustainability, it results into production of goods and services that are suitable to the reality of the stake holders. Sustainability of an enterprise will depend on the competent management as well as the ability to consider business plans and interest of stakeholders and the impacts on the environment. Journal By The journal was prepared by Marcus Brandenburg, Kannan Govindan, Joseph Sarkis, and Stefan Seuring. Explanation of the Keywords The study develops the insights regarding the sustainability management through the establishment of the effective supply chain process. The current competitiveness is one of the major factors to be concerned about for developing sustainable business. Environment and climate change is much significant in terms of developing the understanding the effects on the sustainable business process. The keyword thus refers to the effects created by climate change on developing the sound supply chain management process. Furthermore, the study develops the idea about the considerable societal problems, which depicts the environmental effects caused by the supply chain development. The closer look on the societal benefits and disadvantages would explain the study in a clarified manner. Another keyword is sustainability, which is much significant in this study. The business marketers concentrate on the unique and innovative ideas to develop the organisational functionalities. However, the main pur pose of developing such ideas is to ensure the long term sustainability of the firm. The study is also concentrating on describing the significance of effective supply chain management, which determines the survival aspects of the firms in current competitive scenario. The effectiveness of the supply chain management would create the positive impact on both the environment and the organisation. Identification of the problems The article, Quantitative Models for Sustainable Supply Chain Management provides the insights about the effectiveness of supply chain management to develop the sustainable business in a competitive scenario. However, it has been identified that while developing the effective supply chain process, the business marketers often face some of the considerable challenges. These problems are discussed further: Supply Chain Management According to Brandenburg et al. (2014), SCM is conceptualized as the management of the logical, physical, and financial flows for adding values and developing customer satisfaction. However, the new conceptualized definition is provided by De Brito and Van der Laan (2010), which depicts that SCM is involved with the green purchasing that has the linking with the centralized and decentralized decision-making process. It has been observed that the more developed and systematic procedures used in the supply chain management create the sustainable business parameter, which is quite beneficial for long run. For example, supply chain management requires the improved technological tools to ensure the better outcome. Many organizations face trouble in arranging resources to develop such effective technologies and this obligation can affect the entire procedures much recognizably. Logistic The logistic is an integral part of the supply chain process. Chkanikova (2012) described that the reverse logistic process helps in resolving the issues with societal issues. Opposing this statement, Danciu (2013) argued that the current upgraded techniques used in the logistic process affects the green supply chain management process. Therefore, it may create the problematic situation for the business marketers to retain the sustainable approach. For example, the lack of resources cannot establish the required inventory system for the logistic process, which can develop the remarkable green supply chain process. Therefore, it would be much challenging for the business marketers. Environment and Climate Change Climate change is other most recognizable challenges in supply chain process. Massaroni, Cozzolino and Wankowicz (2014) implied that the occurrence of the climate change can directly affect the core operational process. For example, the sudden changes in the climates can delay the delivery of the products and services that may lead to the customer dissatisfaction. Hence, it is quite a concerned area that is needed to be taken into consideration. Societal Problem The major societal problem in supply chain process is found in managing waste. For example, the emission of the wastages during the supply chain process can be the reason for environmental pollution. Therefore, it may affect the environment much considerably. Supporting such statement, Hasan (2013) commented that the emergence of societal issues may affect the sustainable development of the business. Hence, it is essential to develop more hands-on approach to mitigate this challenge related to the societal issues. Sustainability The sustainability issues are the widely elaborated concept that creates the impact on the business sustainability. Massaroni, Cozzolino and Wankowicz (2014) implied that the development of the appropriate technologies and the systematic work functionalities determines whether the supply chain process can create the sustainability or not. It is important to consider the demands of the external environment before developing the operational functionality. For example, while planning for the business operations, it is necessary to identify whether the production process creates any sustainable values or not. The development of the organized order of the supply chain process thus can contribute to the effective business sustainability. Brandenburg et al. (2014) argued that maintenance of the corporate social responsibility is also much significant in developing sustainability in a business society. Conclusion In business marketing, the article defines supply chain management as the execution of business supply activities to increase on the customers and competition in the marketplace. It is the role of the suppliers to develop supply chains that are economical and efficient. Supply chain covers different steps such as production, product development and information system to link the production, shipment and supply of the products. Through supply chain management, companies are able to quickly deliver products to their customers and to reduce on the costs. This is done by controlling investments, sales, and the distributions of the company. Basing on supply chain management, every product that comes to market results from organizations that makes up a supply chain. These organizations have found it important to rely on effective supply chains to compete in the global market and networked economy. Traditionally, supply chain management means the management of physical, logical and financia l of networks in organizational relationship. References Ahi, P. and Searcy, C., 2013. A comparative literature analysis of definitions for green and sustainable supply chain management.Journal of cleaner production,52, pp.329-341. Ashby, A., Leat, M. and Hudson-Smith, M., 2012. Making connections: a review of supply chain management and sustainability literature.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(5), pp.497-516. Brandenburg, M., Govindan, K., Sarkis, J. and Seuring, S., 2014. Quantitative models for sustainable supply chain management: Developments and directions.European Journal of Operational Research, pp.299312. Brandenburg, M., Govindan, K., Sarkis, J. and Seuring, S., 2014. Quantitative models for sustainable supply chain management: Developments and directions.European Journal of Operational Research,233(2), pp.299-312. Chkanikova, O. 2012. Sustainable supply chain management: theoretical literature overview. International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics, Lund University. Danciu, V., 2013. The Contribution of Sustainable Marketing to Sustainable Development.The Bucharest University of Economic Studies, 8(2), pp.385-400. De Brito, M. and Van der Laan, E., 2010. Supply Chain Management and Sustainability: Procrastinating Integration in Mainstream Research.sustainability, 2, pp.859-870. Hasan, M., 2013. Sustainable Supply Chain Management Practices and Operational Performance.American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 3, pp.42-48. Krause, D.R., Vachon, S. and Klassen, R.D., 2009. Special topic forum on sustainable supply chain management: introduction and reflections on the role of purchasing management.Journal of Supply Chain Management,45(4), pp.18-25. Linton, J.D., Klassen, R. and Jayaraman, V., 2007. Sustainable supply chains: An introduction.Journal of operations management,25(6), pp.1075-1082. Massaroni, E., Cozzolino, A. and Wankowicz, E., 2014. Sustainability in supply chain management - a literature review1.Italian journal of management, pp.331-355. Pagell, M. and Shevchenko, A., 2014. Why research in sustainable supply chain management should have no future.Journal of supply chain management,50(1), pp.44-55. Seuring, S. and Mller, M., 2008. Core issues in sustainable supply chain managementa Delphi study.Business strategy and the environment,17(8), pp.455-466. Seuring, S. and Mller, M., 2008. From a literature review to a conceptual framework for sustainable supply chain management.Journal of cleaner production,16(15), pp.1699-1710. Srivastava, S.K., 2007. Green supply?chain management: a state?of?the?art literature review.International journal of management reviews,9(1), pp.53-80. Wolf, J., 2011. Sustainable supply chain management integration: a qualitative analysis of the German manufacturing industry.Journal of Business Ethics,102(2), pp.221-235.

Violence And Pornography Essays - Pornography, Sex-positive Feminism

Violence and Pornography Pornography -- Sex or Subordination? In the late Seventies, America became shocked and outraged by the rape, mutilation, and murder of over a dozen young, beautiful girls. The man who committed these murders, Ted Bundy, was later apprehended and executed. During his detention in various penitentiaries, he was mentally probed and prodded by psychologist and psychoanalysts hoping to discover the root of his violent actions and sexual frustrations. Many theories arose in attempts to explain the motivational factors behind his murderous escapades. However, the strongest and most feasible of these theories came not from the psychologists, but from the man himself, ?as a teenager, my buddies and I would all sneak around and watch porn. As I grew older, I became more and more interested and involved in it, [pornography] became an obsession. I got so involved in it, I wanted to incorporate [porn] into my life, but I couldn't behave like that and maintain the success I had worked so hard for. I generated an alter-ego to fulfill my fantasies under-cover. Pornography was a means of unlocking the evil I had burried inside myself? (Leidholdt 47). Is it possible that pornography is acting as the key to unlocking the evil in more unstable minds? According to Edward Donnerstein, a leading researcher in the pornography field, ?the relationship between sexually violent images in the media and subsequent aggression and . . . callous attitudes towards women is much stonger statistically than the relationship between smoking and cancer? (Itzin 22). After considering the increase in rape and molestation, sexual harassment, and other sex crimes over the last few decades, and also the corresponding increase of business in the pornography industry, the link between violence and pornogrpahy needs considerable study and examination. Once the evidence you will encounter in this paper is evaluated and quantified, it will be hard not come away with the realization that habitual use of pornographic material promotes unrealistic and unattainable desires in men that can leac to violent behavior toward women. In order to properly discuss pornography, and be able to link it to violence, we must first come to a basic and agreeable understanding of what the word pornography means. The term pornogrpahy originates from two greek words, porne, which means harlot, and graphein, which means to write (Webster's 286). My belief is that the combination of the two words was originally meant to describe, in literature, the sexual escapades of women deemed to be whores. As time has passed, this definition of pornography has grown to include any and all obscene literature and pictures. At the present date, the term is basically a blanket which covers all types of material such as explicit literature, photography, films, and video tapes with varying degrees of sexual content. For Catherine Itzin's research purposes pornogrpahy has been divided into three categories: The sexually explicit and violent; the sexually explicit and nonviolent, but subordinating and dehumanizing; and the sexually explicit, nonviolent, and nonsubordinating that is based upon mutuality. The sexually explicit and violent is graphic, showing penetration and ejaculation. Also, it shows the violent act toward a woman. The second example shows the graphic sexual act and climax, but not a violent act. This example shows the woman being dressed is a costume or being ?talked down' to in order to reduce her to something not human; such as a body part or just something to have sex with, a body opening or an orifice. Not only does ?erotica' show the entire graphic sexual act, it also depicts an attraction between two people. Her research consistently shows that harmful effects are associated with the first two, but that the third ?erotica', is harmless (22). These three categories basically exist as tools of discerning content. Although sometimes they overlap without a true distinction, as in when the film is graphic in the sexual act and also in violence, but shows the act as being a mutual activity between the people participating. In my view, to further divide pornography, it is possible to break it down into even simpler categories: soft and hard core pornography. Hard core pornography is a combination of the sexually explicit and violent and the sexually explicit and nonviolent, but subordinating and dehumanizing categories, previously discussed. Soft core pornography is thought to be harmless and falls into the category known as ?erotica'; which is the category based on mutuality. In hard core pornogrpahy, commonly rated XXX, you can see graphic depiction's of violent sexual acts usually with a man or group of men, deriving sexual gratification from the Violence And Pornography Essays - Pornography, Sex-positive Feminism Violence and Pornography Pornography -- Sex or Subordination? In the late Seventies, America became shocked and outraged by the rape, mutilation, and murder of over a dozen young, beautiful girls. The man who committed these murders, Ted Bundy, was later apprehended and executed. During his detention in various penitentiaries, he was mentally probed and prodded by psychologist and psychoanalysts hoping to discover the root of his violent actions and sexual frustrations. Many theories arose in attempts to explain the motivational factors behind his murderous escapades. However, the strongest and most feasible of these theories came not from the psychologists, but from the man himself, ?as a teenager, my buddies and I would all sneak around and watch porn. As I grew older, I became more and more interested and involved in it, [pornography] became an obsession. I got so involved in it, I wanted to incorporate [porn] into my life, but I couldn't behave like that and maintain the success I had worked so hard for. I generated an alter-ego to fulfill my fantasies under-cover. Pornography was a means of unlocking the evil I had burried inside myself? (Leidholdt 47). Is it possible that pornography is acting as the key to unlocking the evil in more unstable minds? According to Edward Donnerstein, a leading researcher in the pornography field, ?the relationship between sexually violent images in the media and subsequent aggression and . . . callous attitudes towards women is much stonger statistically than the relationship between smoking and cancer? (Itzin 22). After considering the increase in rape and molestation, sexual harassment, and other sex crimes over the last few decades, and also the corresponding increase of business in the pornography industry, the link between violence and pornogrpahy needs considerable study and examination. Once the evidence you will encounter in this paper is evaluated and quantified, it will be hard not come away with the realization that habitual use of pornographic material promotes unrealistic and unattainable desires in men that can leac to violent behavior toward women. In order to properly discuss pornography, and be able to link it to violence, we must first come to a basic and agreeable understanding of what the word pornography means. The term pornogrpahy originates from two greek words, porne, which means harlot, and graphein, which means to write (Webster's 286). My belief is that the combination of the two words was originally meant to describe, in literature, the sexual escapades of women deemed to be whores. As time has passed, this definition of pornography has grown to include any and all obscene literature and pictures. At the present date, the term is basically a blanket which covers all types of material such as explicit literature, photography, films, and video tapes with varying degrees of sexual content. For Catherine Itzin's research purposes pornogrpahy has been divided into three categories: The sexually explicit and violent; the sexually explicit and nonviolent, but subordinating and dehumanizing; and the sexually explicit, nonviolent, and nonsubordinating that is based upon mutuality. The sexually explicit and violent is graphic, showing penetration and ejaculation. Also, it shows the violent act toward a woman. The second example shows the graphic sexual act and climax, but not a violent act. This example shows the woman being dressed is a costume or being ?talked down' to in order to reduce her to something not human; such as a body part or just something to have sex with, a body opening or an orifice. Not only does ?erotica' show the entire graphic sexual act, it also depicts an attraction between two people. Her research consistently shows that harmful effects are associated with the first two, but that the third ?erotica', is harmless (22). These three categories basically exist as tools of discerning content. Although sometimes they overlap without a true distinction, as in when the film is graphic in the sexual act and also in violence, but shows the act as being a mutual activity between the people participating. In my view, to further divide pornography, it is possible to break it down into even simpler categories: soft and hard core pornography. Hard core pornography is a combination of the sexually explicit and violent and the sexually explicit and nonviolent, but subordinating and dehumanizing categories, previously discussed. Soft core pornography is thought to be harmless and falls into the category known as ?erotica'; which is the category based on mutuality. In hard core pornogrpahy, commonly rated XXX, you can see graphic depiction's of violent sexual acts usually with a man or group of men, deriving sexual gratification from the